The formula is (number of cells undergoing mitosis: P+M+A+T)/(total number of cells: cells in interphase + cells in mitosis) (“Mitotic Index,” 2015). Mitotic index is the ratio between the amount of cells in a population in the M phase (undergoing mitosis) and the total number of cells. To measure a cellular growth or to calculate the percentage of cells in mitosis, researchers use mitotic index value.
#Prophase under microscope skin
For example, skin restores after you cut your finger by cell division (Reece and et al., 2013).
In a multicellular organism, mitosis functions to repair and renew cells that die from normal wear and tear or accidents.
#Prophase under microscope full
For example, human’s zygote develops into full organism by cell division. Mitosis enables a multicellular organism to develop from a single fertilized egg or zygote. For example, amoebas use mitosis for reproduction. Mitosis has several functions: the division of a unicellular organism reproduces an entire organism, increasing the population. The chromosomes become less coiled (Reece and et al., 2013). Telophase: daughter nuclei begin to form at the two poles nucleolus reappears. The cell extends because the nonkinetochore microtubules elongate. By the end, the two poles have equivalent collections of chromosomes. Anaphase: each sister chromatid is pulled toward the pole to which it is attached by spindle fibers. Metaphase: the spindle fibers push the sister chromatids until they are all arranged at the metaphase plate, an imaginary plane equidistant from the poles. Nonkinetochore microtubules interact with those from opposite ends of the spindle. Microtubules from each pole attach to one of two kinetochores. Kinetochore is a specialized protein structure located at the centromere. Each of the two chromatids of a chromosome has a kinetochore. Prometaphase: the nuclear envelope almost disappeared, and microtubules from the spindle interact with the condensed chromosomes. It is composed of centrosomes and the microtubules that extend from them. Prophase: the chromosomes are more tightly coiled, with sister chromatids joined together at centromeres. In late interphase, the chromosomes have been duplicated but are not condensed, so chromosomes are uncoiled and formed chromatin. A single centrosome has duplicated to form two centrosomes. Interphase: a nuclear envelope encloses the nucleus. Here is the description of what is happening in each phase. The figure shows how onion root tip looks under microscope during mitosis (Kasili, 2016. Each phase looks very differently from each other under microscope. Scientists define the following phases in mitosis: interphase, prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis (Reece and et al., 2013). Introduction: Mitosis is a process of the cell cycle, where cell divides into two identical daughter cells with two identical sets of chromosomes. Thus, we learned and practiced the technique of counting mitotic index. The mitotic index for the first slide appeared to be 13.03%, and for the second slide is 17.09%. As the results should follow the following pattern: the highest number of cells in interphase, then, in prophase, next, in telophase, and finally, about the same number of cells in metaphase and anaphase, we could obtain the right results.
_Pressed%3B_root_meristem_of_Vicia_faba_(cells_in_anaphase,_telophase,_prophase).jpg "prophase under microscope")
Based on this information we calculated the time - how many minutes each phase proceeded. Viewing slides under microscope, we calculated number of cells of a viewing region in interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
#Prophase under microscope how to
Our major purpose of this experiment is to learn how to measure a mitotic index value, using prepared stained slides of an onion root hair. MI is calculated by the formula: (number of cells undergoing mitosis: P+M+A+T)/(total number of cells: cells in interphase + cells in mitosis). Mitotic index (MI) calculated to measure a cellular growth is also very important, as high value of mitotic index may indicate cancer cells in humans. Abstract: Mitosis is a crucial process to asexually reproduce, to renew cells, and to develop from a single fertilized egg or zygote.
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